以太網(wǎng)具有傳輸速度高、低耗、易于安裝和兼容性好等方面的優(yōu)勢，由于它支持幾乎所有流行的網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議，所以在商業(yè)系統(tǒng)中被廣泛采用。但是傳統(tǒng)以太網(wǎng)采用總線式拓樸結(jié)構(gòu)和多路存取載波偵聽碰撞檢測(CSMA/CD)通訊方式,在實時性要求較高的場合下，重要數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸過程會產(chǎn)生傳輸延滯，這被稱為以太網(wǎng)的“不確定性”。研究表明：商業(yè)以太網(wǎng)在工業(yè)應(yīng)用中的傳輸延滯在2～30ms之間，這是影響以太網(wǎng)長期無法進入過程控制領(lǐng)域的重要

1.3工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)的研究現(xiàn)狀

近年來控制與通訊工程師們致力于新型工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)的研究工作，其中有代表性的是FF制定的快速以太網(wǎng)標準，其傳輸速度為100Mbps。綜觀工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)的研究現(xiàn)狀，出現(xiàn)了兩個值得注意的發(fā)展方向：以太網(wǎng)集線器和具有實時功能的以太網(wǎng)的協(xié)議。

a、以太網(wǎng)集線器

FF將以太網(wǎng)技術(shù)加入到H2協(xié)議中，并以它作為H2的底層協(xié)議，其網(wǎng)絡(luò)采用星型拓樸結(jié)構(gòu)。

集線器(HUB)置于網(wǎng)絡(luò)中心并通過以太網(wǎng)I/O接口掛接現(xiàn)場設(shè)備，其中實時現(xiàn)場儀表和普通現(xiàn)場儀表(通過通道組)分別掛接在不同的以太網(wǎng)I/O接口上。以太網(wǎng)I/O接口高速(約100 kHz)掃描所有實時現(xiàn)場儀表和通道組，然后傳送數(shù)據(jù)包到上層控制器。

通常普通控制算法在現(xiàn)場控制器中進行(可由上層控制器下載)，而高級控制算法則在上層控制器中進行，其控制輸出經(jīng)以太網(wǎng)集線器和以太網(wǎng)I/O接口傳輸?shù)浆F(xiàn)場執(zhí)行儀表。由于實時現(xiàn)場儀表掛接在專用的以太網(wǎng)入口地址，并用完全分離的線路傳輸數(shù)據(jù)，所以保證了實時數(shù)據(jù)不會產(chǎn)生傳輸延滯和線路阻塞。

集線器作為網(wǎng)絡(luò)的仲裁器，除了控制通信雙方的傳輸時間外，還對傳輸?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)包進行優(yōu)先級設(shè)置，使每條信息都包含傳輸優(yōu)先級等實時參數(shù)。此外智能化的集線器還可以動態(tài)檢測需要通訊的現(xiàn)場設(shè)備所在以太網(wǎng)I/O口，并為之提供數(shù)據(jù)緩沖區(qū)，這樣可大大縮短現(xiàn)場設(shè)備的響應(yīng)時間和減少數(shù)據(jù)的重發(fā)次數(shù)。集線器與其它集線器相連可實現(xiàn)不同網(wǎng)絡(luò)之間的數(shù)據(jù)共享。

經(jīng)驗證這種采用以太網(wǎng)集線器技術(shù)的FCS可使實時數(shù)據(jù)的延遲時間控制在200納秒的范圍之內(nèi)，這已足以滿足多數(shù)場合的實時控制要求。

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